Classification of phylum protozoa. Phylum Protozoa 2022-11-16
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I. Introduction
Brief overview of The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger
Introduction of main character, Holden Caulfield
Themes to be discussed in the essay
II. Holden's Disenchantment with the World
Holden's dissatisfaction with his school and peers
His distaste for phoniness and superficiality
His struggle to find genuine connections
III. The Loss of Innocence
Holden's fear of growing up and losing his innocence
The death of his brother Allie and its impact on Holden
The motif of childhood innocence throughout the novel
IV. Holden's Relationships
His strained relationship with his parents and family
His brief encounters with various characters and their influence on him
The importance of his relationship with his little sister Phoebe
V. Conclusion
Recap of Holden's journey and character development
The enduring themes of The Catcher in the Rye and their relevance today
The lasting impact of the novel on literature and popular culture.
Protozoa
Class IV: Ciliophora Ciliumâ eyelash. ExampleâParamoecium caudatum the slipper- animalcule ; Vorticella campanula the bell-animalcule. Other than ciliates, all protozoa have vesicular nuclei, which are characterized by dispersed chromatin that gives the nucleus a diffuse appearance. This phylum has single class. Some are free-living and some are parasitic in plants and animals.
Phylum Protozoa: General characters and Classification
Sporozoa, which lack any locomotory structure, instead have subpellicular microtubules to facilitate slow movement. Protozoa have peculiar temporary organelles for locomotion, called pseudopodia or false feetâexamplesâ Amoeba proteus; Entamoeba histolytica causing dysentery. Enzymes are found in secretory vacuoles. A Guide to the Protozoa of Marine Aquaculture Ponds. Example â Euglena, Peranema, Rhabdomanas. Unlike the others, a single host is required to complete the reproduction cycle. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach Seventhed.
The cytoplasm of many protozoal cells is separated into two layers: an outside layer called ectoplasm and an interior layer called endoplasm. Others have mouth pores into which they pull in food. Examples: Gregarina , Monosystis ii Class Coccidea: Mature gamonts intracellular: most species live inside the vertebrates. Cilia are used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. They use pseudopodia to catch their prey. Protozoans also excrete nitrogen and phosphorus as products of their metabolism, in the form of ammonium and orthophosphate, and studies have shown that the presence of protozoans in soils promotes plant growth.
New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. Rhizopodans: locomotion by lobopodia, filopodia or protoplasmic flow. Baker 1987 Anatomy and physiology of the protozoa. This super class includes 2 classes: Class 1: Phytomastigophora Gr. They move with the help of flagella.
Protozoa were classified as a sub-kingdom of the kingdom Protista, and protozoa were divided into six phyla in the proposed classification. In most protozoa, the cytoplasm is differentiated into ectoplasm and endoplasm. Parasitic forms live in the intestine or bloodstream of the host. Example â Lobochona, Spirochona. Mostly found in freshwater habitat and are photosynthetic. If left untreated, neurological problems develop, which become fatal; Toxoplasmosis:Ă Redness of eye, blurred vision, flu-like symptoms; Leishmaniasis: Enlarged liver and spleen, fever, skin turns dark. Their cell wall is absent.
Ciliates feed on bacteria and are often an indicator of good-quality sludge and generally seen in young to medium age sludge. Examples: Euglena, Phacus, Copromonas, Peranema, etc. As the primary hunters of the microbial world, protozoa help in continuing the equilibrium of bacterial, algal and other microbial life forms. What are the unique characteristics of protozoa? The food is ingested by them and lysosomal enzymes digest the food. Hegner 1926 Homologies and Analogies Between Free-Living and Parasitic Protozoa. They are either free-living or parasites. Examples: Noctiluca, Ceratium, etc.
Some diseases caused by parasitic protozoa are minor, while others can be life-threatening. Protozoan Disease Diseases Etiological Agents Malaria Plasmodium falciparum, P. All have tubular mitochondria! Another distinguishing trait of some protozoa, such as ciliates, is that they have two different types of nuclei: a polyploid macronucleus and a diploid micronucleus. Example â Acanthrometra Class 2. Their body is covered by oblique rows of cilia-like flagella. The earlier stage sporozoan forms show some movement.
Classification Based on Mode of Existence Of the existing protozoa, there are about 21,000 species that occur as free-living in a variety of habitats while another 11,000 species occur as parasitic microbes in both vertebrate and invertebrates hosts. Man is susceptible to illnesses from cats, dogs, sheep, and other animals. The consistency of the ectoplasm is often denser than that of the endoplasm. The trophozoite stage is infectious, and they feed and multiply during this stage. For instance, in the Protozoa also have in place locomotory structures such as pseudopodia, flagella and cilia which are used for movement. There is no specific place on the cell where phagocytosis takes place. Some also feed by absorbing dissolved nutrients through vesicles.
