The English language has a long and complex history, with roots that can be traced back to a variety of sources. One significant influence on the development of English is the Scandinavian languages, particularly Old Norse.
Old Norse, also known as Old Scandinavian, was spoken by the Vikings and other Scandinavian peoples during the Middle Ages. It is closely related to the modern Scandinavian languages of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, and it had a significant impact on the development of English, especially in the areas of England that were conquered by the Vikings.
One of the most notable ways in which Old Norse influenced English is through the introduction of new vocabulary. Many words in English that are related to seafaring, such as "skiff," "keel," and "cargo," can be traced back to Old Norse roots. Other words, such as "husband," "sky," and "cake," also have Old Norse origins.
Old Norse also influenced the grammar and syntax of English. For example, the use of the word "they" as a singular pronoun can be traced back to Old Norse, as can the use of the word "them" as an objective pronoun. The use of the word "get" in the sense of "obtain" or "acquire" is also derived from Old Norse.
In addition to Old Norse, the Scandinavian languages have continued to influence English in more recent times. For example, many modern English words have been borrowed from Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, such as "tourist," "smorgasbord," and "Ombudsman."
Overall, the Scandinavian languages have had a significant impact on the development of English, and the influence of these languages can still be seen in the modern English language. From vocabulary to grammar and syntax, the influence of Old Norse and the modern Scandinavian languages on English is undeniable.
What is High Powered Money Class 12
So far we have assumed money supply to be policy — determined. It includes, i currency held by the people, ii cash reserves of the commercial banks with the RBI, and iii vault cash of the commercial banks. Since in a fractional-reserve banking system, DD are a certain multiple of R, which are a component of H, it lends to H the quality of high-powered-ness as compared to M the power of serving as the base for the multiple creation of DD. As an example, a 1% increase in monetary base may lead to a 10% increase in the money supply due to money multipler effects. As a preliminary to the study of the theory of money supply, it is essential to understand the distinction between two kinds of money: ADVERTISEMENTS: a Ordinary money M and b high-powered money H. But to be able to produce DD, banks have to maintain R, which is a part of H, produced only by the monetary authority and not by banks themselves.
high
In economics, the monetary base also base money, money base, high- powered money, reserve money, outside money, central bank money or, in the UK, narrow money in a country is defined as the portion of a commercial bank's reserves that consist of the commercial bank's accounts with its central bank plus the total currency circulating in the public, plus the currency, also known as vault cash, that is physically held in the bank's vault. Again, for simplicity, we leave out of our theoretical analysis OD, as they constitute only about one per cent of total H. This difference is of crucial importance for the theory of money supply. According to Werner, he used this phrase in order to propose a new form of monetary stimulation policy by the central bank that relied neither on interest rate reductions which Werner claimed in his Nikkei article would be ineffective nor on the conventional monetarist policy prescription of expanding the money supply e. For simplification of our theoretical discussion, this is what we shall do.
High
Proper recognition and understanding of this role is important for a successful policy of monetary control. This is not true, because the supply of money is determined jointly by the monetary authority, banks, and the public. Appendices Table A-1 Measures of Seigniorage Variables Description Monetary Base Reserve money line 14 in IFS or high-powered money Seigniorage l: Ratio of the change in high powered money to nominal GDP Fischer 1982 Seigniorage 2: Ratio of high-powered money to nominal GDP in current period minus ration of high-powered money to nominal GDP in last period plus the product of the ratio Of high powered money to nominal GDP in last period times the growth rate of nominal GDP In current period to one plus the growth rate of GDP in current period Walsh 1998. They are all measures of ordinary money M , or money as generally understood. ADVERTISEMENTS: Theory of Money Supply: Ordinary Money and High-Powered Money! ADVERTISEMENTS: It arises from the presence of banks as the producers of demand deposits, which are counted as money at par with C. But the role of the public and banks cannot be ignored, nor even taken for granted. No doubt, most of the time, in this determination the monetary authority plays the active and also the dominant role.
