Selective toxicity in chemotherapy. Chemotherapy 2022-11-17
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Selective toxicity, also known as selectivity, refers to the ability of a chemotherapeutic agent to specifically target and kill cancer cells while causing minimal harm to normal, healthy cells. This is a key concept in chemotherapy, as it allows for the effective treatment of cancer while minimizing side effects and toxicities.
There are several ways in which chemotherapy agents can exhibit selective toxicity. One way is by targeting specific structures or processes that are more prevalent or unique to cancer cells. For example, some chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells, as cancer cells often have a high rate of cell division. Other agents may target specific proteins or enzymes that are overexpressed in cancer cells but not in normal cells.
Another way in which chemotherapy agents can exhibit selective toxicity is by exploiting differences in the metabolic pathways of cancer cells and normal cells. Cancer cells often have altered metabolism due to genetic mutations, which can make them more reliant on certain pathways for energy production or survival. By targeting these pathways, chemotherapy agents can selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells.
However, it is important to note that while some chemotherapy agents may have a high degree of selective toxicity, they are not completely selective and can still cause harm to normal cells. This can result in side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and immune suppression. To minimize these side effects, chemotherapy is often administered in a carefully planned regimen, with dosage and frequency adjusted based on the patient's individual characteristics and the specific chemotherapy agent being used.
Overall, selective toxicity is a crucial aspect of chemotherapy and plays a vital role in its ability to effectively treat cancer while minimizing harm to normal cells. By targeting specific structures or processes that are unique to cancer cells, chemotherapy agents can selectively kill cancer cells and spare normal cells, leading to better outcomes for patients.
Chemotherapy
Selective toxicity in simple terms can be defined as the property of toxic substance to harm or kill a particular species of cells i. Thus the folic acid which is an agonist of folate receptor is conjugated with drug to be targeted which are antibodies , radio opaque agents, low molecular synthetic drugs, protein toxins etc. Considering the drugs in relation to modes of action, dapsone and the sulphonamides block the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate by inhibiting dihydropteroate synthetase, while the 2,4diaminopyrimidines proguanil and pyrimethamine block the same pathway but at a later step catalysed by dihydrofolate reductase. To improve aqueous solubility of drug The anti-cancer drugs are poorly soluble in nature, thus possesing low bioavailability and reduced pharmacological activity. The selection of therapies depends on the severity and type of cancer.
So, in order to improve the selectivity of doxorubicin with cancer cells it was conjugated with dextran and then encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticles. Symptoms include: Red tongue, rash, fever. The selection of therapies depends on the severity and type of cancer. There are various side effects associated with chemotherapy, e. Artemisinin is commonly used for the treatment of breast cancer; however it is non-selective in nature. To overcome multi drug resistance A same cancer disease can be caused by different genes and factors; this phenomenon is known as heterogeneity. These solvents are toxic in nature and may be harmful if used for chemotherapy.
The management of cancer through non selective drug therapies often results in deleterious effect on the normal healthy human cells which can result in other adverse side reactions on different parts of the body 2012. From a patient point of view, the most important property of an antimicrobial agent is its selective toxicity, i. Many public-health professionals fear that too much use of antimicrobials, especially in the uncontrolled home environment, may result in germs resistant to these chemicals. So, in order to improve the selectivity of doxorubicin with cancer cells it was conjugated with dextran and then encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticles. Thus it causes various side effects e. Also mortality of normal breast cells is very less compared to the cancer cells Singh and Lai, 2001.
Selective toxicity and Principles of chemotherapy Flashcards
Biochemical Aspects of Selective Toxicity. Endosome dependent mechanism of actively targeted nanoparticles Chidambaram et al. Tetracycline targets protein synthesis in Plasmodium via a similar mechanism to that seen in bacteria: inhibition of chain elongation and peptide bond formation. There are various side effects associated with chemotherapy, e. Share this: Facebook Facebook logo Twitter Twitter logo Reddit Reddit logo LinkedIn LinkedIn logo WhatsApp WhatsApp logo In present scenario various type of treatments are available for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy.
Get Help With Your Essay If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! But they possess many side effects as discussed earlier, hence there is a need for the introduction of new strategies and techniques to curb this problem Brannon-Peppas and Blanchette, 2012. In present scenario various type of treatments are available for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy. However, there are some normal human cells which multiply rapidly and are affected by these anti cancer drugs which may produce various side effects mainly in formation of blood cells in bone marrow, formation of germ cells in reproductive organs, endothelial cells in digestive system and hair follicles. The drug present in the nanoparticles adhere to the tumor cells by endosome dependent mechanism figure 3 which cutouts the endothelial efflux pump and thus increases the intracellular concentration of drug molecules Chidambaram et al. Scarlet fever, caused by exotoxins released by Streptococcus Pyogenes. It is significant because heterogeneous induction of disease makes it difficult to understand which type of diagnosis and therapy is to be used to cure a specific type of cancer.
Selective Toxicity and Principles of Chemotherapy Flashcards
Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. This is an example of a difference in distribution in different tissues within the host. However, in active drug targeting the drug is conjugated with ligands, anitbodies, nucleic acid which targets the drug to a specific site thus it bypasses any accumulation of nanoparticles in nonspecific sites Lavasanifar et al. The selection of therapies depends on the severity and type of cancer. So therefore future area of research mainly focus on drug development for inhibiting the non-dividing cancer cells Bhatia et al. Thus drug administered to patient may not produce any therapeutic effects and this phenomenon is known as multi-drug resistance.
Limitations of chemotherapy Most of the anti-cancer drugs are hydrophobic in nature for which we require solubilizing solvent for product formulation. The selective toxicity of antibiotics means that they must be highly effective against the microbe but have minimal or no toxicity to humans. In this method, various drugs are used for targeting different genes and factors. Gastro, colds, fever which are self-limiting. The new area of focus in treatment of cancer is by administering drug by selective toxicity. In another type of target mediated therapeutic action folate receptors are used for selective targeting of drug. Growth of bacterial remains constant and hosts immune system is required to eliminate the remaining infection.
The existing chemotherapy produces symptomatic relief by inducing cytotoxicity in the cancer cells however it also leads to cytotoxicity in normal human cells as well. Artemisinin is commonly used for the treatment of breast cancer; however it is non-selective in nature. But they possess many side effects as discussed earlier, hence there is a need for the introduction of new strategies and techniques to curb this problem Brannon-Peppas and Blanchette, 2012. The use of Prophylactic Therapy is restricted to only when: - Highly evident that specific antimicrobials show effective results - In the case where the result of an infection is severe and life-threatening e. In Chemotherapy, drug intervenes with the ability of cancer cells to divide and reproduce and thus prevent tumor growth. However, there are some normal human cells which multiply rapidly and are affected by these anti cancer drugs which may produce various side effects mainly in formation of blood cells in bone marrow, formation of germ cells in reproductive organs, endothelial cells in digestive system and hair follicles. So therefore future area of research mainly focus on drug development for inhibiting the non-dividing cancer cells Bhatia et al.
A maximum concentration of antibiotic is required in the plasma and tissue during surgical procedure to prevent any further infections. The main goal of an anti cancer drug is to kill the growing cancer cells. Immunocompromised patients suffering from endocarditis, should be treated with bacteriostatic than bactericidal. But they possess many side effects as discussed earlier, hence there is a need for the introduction of new strategies and techniques to curb this problem Brannon-Peppas and Blanchette, 2012. Liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, synthetic polymers are used as drug carriers for targeting the drug Allen and Cullis, 2004, Nathanson and Nelson, 1994. This drug inhibits mitosis of the fungal infected cells and allows the old infected cells to shed, whilst new healthy non-infected keratin cells grow. Prosthetic devices potentially cause the formation of biofilms from bacteria.
It is significant because heterogeneous induction of disease makes it difficult to understand which type of diagnosis and therapy is to be used to cure a specific type of cancer. An enzyme found in both human and parasitic or any pathogenic cell cells which function identically i. Control holotransferrin dihydroartemisinin holotransferrin + dihydroartemisininC:UsersTarun KakkarDownloadssakshibcc. The anti-trypanosomal drug melarsaprol is most likely to act by blocking glycolytic kinases, especially the cytoplasmic pyruvate kinase, although it may also disrupt the reduction of trypanothione. In: The cell cycle and cancer.
