Steps in plant breeding. Plant Breeding and Its Various Steps and Objectives 2022-11-17
Steps in plant breeding
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Plant breeding is the process of intentionally modifying the characteristics of plants for the benefit of humans. It is a crucial aspect of agriculture and horticulture, as it allows us to develop new and improved varieties of plants that are more resistant to pests and diseases, have higher yields, and are better suited to specific climates and growing conditions.
There are several steps involved in plant breeding, which can vary depending on the specific goals and techniques being used. However, the following is a general outline of the process:
Identify the traits you want to improve: The first step in plant breeding is to identify the traits that you want to improve in the plants. These could be traits related to yield, resistance to pests and diseases, nutritional content, or any other characteristic that is important for the intended use of the plants.
Select parent plants: Once the desired traits have been identified, the next step is to select the parent plants that will be used to breed the new variety. These parent plants should have the traits that you want to improve, as well as other desirable characteristics such as good growth habits and high yields.
Cross the parent plants: The next step is to cross the parent plants to produce offspring plants, or progeny. This is usually done through artificial means such as hand-pollination, or by using natural methods such as allowing insects or wind to carry the pollen from one plant to another.
Grow and evaluate the progeny: The progeny plants are then grown and evaluated to see if they possess the desired traits. This evaluation process can be time-consuming and may require several generations of breeding to produce plants with the desired characteristics.
Select the best plants for further breeding: Once the progeny plants have been evaluated, the best plants are selected for further breeding. These plants should have the desired traits and other desirable characteristics such as good growth habits and high yields.
Repeat the process: The process of crossing and evaluating the progeny is repeated until a new variety of plant is developed that has the desired traits and characteristics. This process can take several years or even decades, depending on the complexity of the traits being bred and the resources available for the breeding program.
Plant breeding is a crucial aspect of agriculture and horticulture, as it allows us to develop new and improved varieties of plants that are better suited to specific climates and growing conditions. By following the steps outlined above, plant breeders can successfully modify the characteristics of plants to meet the needs of farmers, gardeners, and consumers around the world.
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However, it is most unlikely that the two parents will ever differ for all the genes. There are a few other uses of plant tissue culture such as production of artificial seeds, and germplasm storage and exchange. The aim of hybridization may be transfer of one or few qualitative characters, improvement of one or more quantitative characters, or use of the F 1as a hybrid variety. We all have come across these kinds of varieties in our daily diet. Undesirable combinations : Sometimes, plant breeding leads to undesirable combinations. Variation means differences among individuals of a population or species for a specific character. Hybridization in Self-Pollinated Crops : Several methods, like pedigree method, bulk method and back-cross method are in practice.
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Plant Breeding Innovation: CRISPR
Certified seed is grown by various agencies and is certified for use as seed by the State Seed Certification Agency. The developed lines showed enhanced resistance to citrus canker compared to wild types. Most of the plants are diploid in nature. In back crossing, hybrid is crossed with the cultivated species, which has the characters tor sugar content. These organizations are responsible for seed certification and its distribution. Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants Progeny obtained after crossing are evaluated for the desired combination of characters.
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How is plant breeding important to society?
Why are plant breeders rights important? Grains used for raising the crops are called seeds. It can be natural or artificial and is possible only if there exist variation in the crop. Markers are used to identify, map, and isolate genes, select desired genotypes, and detect genetic variation or determine genetic relationships among individuals. Inbreeding Depression: In cross-pollinated species, inbreeding leads to loss of vigour and fertility; this phenomenon is known as inbreeding depression. This step is not practiced in self pollinated crops because they are already homozygous. Wider adaptability: Adaptability refers to suitability of a variety for general cultivation over a wide range of environmental conditions.
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Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Breeding
The first step involves the collection of plants or seeds for all possible alleles for all genes in a given crop, which is known as germplasm. Before the formation of gametes 2. So, among the numerous cross-bred seeds, the one with the desired quality is found by continuous testing and evaluation. Technique of Hybridisation: Hybridisation can be done only by skilled hands. Genetic basis and mapping of the resistance to rice yellow mottle virus. The self-pollinated progeny of homozygous plant constitutes a pure line. Many high yielding and disease-resistant varieties of wheat, rice, and maize have been produced by selective breeding of plants.
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Plant breeding: the technique, its objectives and steps involved in it
Plant Breeding What is Plant Breeding? This is achieved bydeveloping more efficient genotypes. Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants: Newly developed variety is checked for its yield, quality, disease and insect resistance before it is released to farmers. Formation of large pollen grains. To get a high-yielding hybrid, it is important to combine high-yielding breeds. Fig: Selection and Testing Process 5.
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Plant Breeding: Steps and Methods of Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance!
By crossing pure lines, a uniform population of F1 hybrid seed can be produced with predictable characteristics. Purpose of emasculation is to prevent self-pollination. Then parent plants are grown separately on isolated plots to avoid cross pollination. The branch of applied biology concerned with the improvement of crop varieties is called plant breeding. Colchicine inhibits the formation of the spindle in the dividing cells and hence chromosomes do not separate at anaphase. It can be artificially induced by application of colchicine.
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Briefly explain the steps involved in plant breeding.
Autoploids are characterized by the presence of same characters as the diploid parent, except that they are the large replica of the diploid parent. In this method, depending on specific species, some plants may be fertilized by themselves, i. Introduction of plants from one state of a country to another state of the same country is called interstate plant introduction. Evaluation, Release, and Commercialization of New Cultivar Varieties: The newly developed hybrid varieties of plants are cultivated in research fields and evaluated for yield, quality, nutritional content, taste, colour and for disease resistance. Plants were exposed to gamma rays, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, and beta particles to see if these would induce useful mutations. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Dr. Autoallopolyploidy is a type of allopolyploidy in which one genome is in more than diploid state.
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Plant Breeding and Its Various Steps and Objectives
Because creating F1 hybrids involves many years of preparation to create pure lines that have to be constantly maintained so that F1 seeds can be harvested each year, the seeds then become more expensive. Purelines are created wherever desirable and possible. Briggs Over a research career devoted to the genetics of resistance and the breeding and improvement of cereal grains, Fred N. Some more improved varieties of wheat are i Lerma Roja 64-A, ii Sonora 64-Early, iii Safed Lerma, iv Chhoti Lerma, v Sharbati Sonora. As a consequence, the farmer has to purchase new F1 seeds from the plant breeder each year. This biomass is used as food by humans.
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